Musculoskeletal Embryology

Musculoskeletal Embryology:

Mesenchyme (embbryonic connective tissue→ fibriblast, chondroblast, osteoblast) give rise to connective tissue, muscle and bone:

1-Paraxial Mesoderm→segnented→ somitomers→
-head ( in association with neuomers)→ head mesenchyme→skull
vault and base of the skull
-Occipital to caudal→ 42 -44 pairs of somites→ -Dermomyotome
- sclerotome→axial skeleton mesenchyme
2-Somatic Mesoderm ( from Lateral Plate Mesoderm)→ mesenchyme for pelvic and shoulder girdle and long bones of limbs

3- Neural Creast in head→ mesenchyme for face and pharyngeal arches→facial bones, muscles, and cartilages

Head and Neck Anatomy:

http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/index.htm
A very useful site, with lots of animations.Copyright©1999 by Wesley Norman, PhD, DSc
http://www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/head/head.htm
http://www.instantanatomy.net/headneck.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_anatomy
Please make a comment which site was the best for you.

Rocker-bottom feet : In Edward syndrome

In rocker-bottom feet the bones are arranged in a different way and this makes the underside of the foot convex in the middle: the foot appears to bend in the opposite direction to normal and in so doing it resembles the shape of the bottom of a rocking chair.

(Normally the underside of the human foot is concave in the middle: the bones of the foot are arranged in such a way that there is an arch-like shape in the mid-part of the foot.)

Down syndrom

http://medgen.genetics.utah.edu/photographs/pages/down_syndrome.htm

Brushfild spot in Down syndrom:

Brushfield spots are small white or grayish/brown spots on the periphery of the iris in the human eye due to aggregation of a normal iris element (connective tissue). These spots are normal in children but are also a feature of the chromosomal disorder Down syndrome.

Microbiology: Useful videos

HIV: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5LGqi-8eZg

Virus: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhnIVWSHctE

Replication of HIV: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2EUM3-u3w0

Electron Transport Chain: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw

Today is the first day of your future!

Smile as you are still alive!!!!!